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No. 17766
A sniper rifle refers specifically to a single-shot, usually bolt-action rifle, designed for high accuracy at very long ranges, with a scope capable of correcting for wind, trajectory variation, and other factors. Is this what you want?
Handguns are primarily described by their caliber. The larger the caliber, the larger the barrel diameter, and therefore the larger the diameter of the bullet being fired. The "stopping power" of a bullet, however, is a description of how effectively it incapacitates someone. Some bullets are better at this than others.
Generally, the higher the caliber, the harder the gun kicks; this is not necessarily related to the stopping power.
Automatic shotguns do exist. They are primarily a military/paramilitary/police weapon. They look more or less like any other military weapon, not like your standard pump-action shotgun that you'd use for hunting.
Shotguns usually fire pellets, which come in a few different sizes. Buckshot is somewhat larger, birdshot smaller. There is also the ability to fire solid slugs, but this is less common.
"Gauge" refers to the barrel's bore diameter. It technically refers to the weight of a solid lead ball that would fit exactly in the barrel: in a 12-gauge shotgun, the ball would weigh 1/12th lb. The higher the gauge number, the smaller the barrel's internal diameter.
Rifling a shotgun barrel would do nothing to improve the gun, because it fires pellets, not a solid bullet. The rifling on a pistol or rifle barrel engages with the round as it goes down the barrel, forcibly spinning it and allowing it a straighter path through the air. Shotguns with pellet ammunition would end up creating a ring of pellets rather than a solid mass, which is undesirable. Firing slugs from a shotgun would, however, benefit from rifling, but there would be no compelling reason to have a rifled shotgun to fire slugs when a rifle was on hand.
"Fully automatic machine gun" is not really a useful term, because it is rather broad in the layman's use, and very specific in the specialist's use. A Machine Gun is technically any fully automatic weapon that is designed to fire from a large-capacity magazine or belt, and almost always served by a two-man team or crew. (One fires, one keeps the ammunition.) The term, however, is used by non-experts to refer to any automatic-firing weapon (as you do by equating a machine gun to an AK-47, generally referred to as an assault rifle.) Assault rifles and sub-machine guns use smaller caliber rounds and smaller magazines, usually holding 30-50 rounds as opposed to the hundred-plus round belts used for a machine gun. (Note that it would be useful for different things than a sniper rifle. Generally, the accuracy diminishes more quickly over a distance, and the automatic nature of these guns lends them to a close(r)-combat situation than a sniper rifle.
To agree with >>17765, though, all of this information is easily available through Wikipedia, or any one of a great deal of books, websites, and other resources.
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